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What is conjunctivitis?

Conjunctivitis is one of the most common and treatable eye infections in children and adults.

What causes conjunctivitis?

Often called pink eye it is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the tissue that lines the inside of the eyelid. This tissue helps keep the eyelid and eyeball moist.

Why do we get conjunctivitis?

Conjunctivitis can be caused by a virus, bacteria, irritating substances (shampoos, dirt, smoke, and especially pool chlorine), allergens (substances that cause allergies) or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Pink eye caused by bacteria, viruses, and STDs can spread easily from person to person, but it is not a serious health risk if diagnosed promptly.

Signs & symptoms

What are the symptoms of conjunctivitis?

Redness in the white of the eye or inner eyelid Greater amount of tears Thick yellow discharge that crusts over the eyelashes, especially after sleep (in conjunctivitis caused by bacteria) Other discharge from your eye (green or white) Itchy eyes (especially in conjunctivitis caused by allergies) Burning eyes (especially in conjunctivitis caused by chemicals and irritants) Blurred vision Increased sensitivity to light Ear infections also commonly occur in children who have bacterial conjunctivitis.

See your ophthalmologist if you have any of these persistent symptoms. The ophthalmologist will examine your eyes and possibly take a sample of fluid from the eyelid with a cotton swab. Bacteria or viruses that may have caused conjunctivitis can then be seen through a microscope.

Treatment

How is conjunctivitis treated?

Bacteria

Conjunctivitis caused by bacteria is treated with antibiotics prescribed by your doctor. The antibiotic can be given as eye drops, ointments, or pills. Eye drops or ointments may need to be applied to the inside of the eyelid three to four times a day for five to seven days. It may be difficult to apply ointment inside of a child's eye, but if the ointment gets as far as the eyelashes, it will most likely melt and enter the eye. Pills may need to be taken for several days. The infection should improve within a week. Take the medicine as instructed by your doctor, even if the symptoms go away.

Virus

Medicine cannot treat conjunctivitis caused by a virus. This type of conjunctivitis often results from a common cold. Just as a cold must run its course, so must this form of conjunctivitis, which will last from 4 to 7 days. You may, however, help relieve symptoms by applying a cold compress on closed eyes.

Irritating substance

To treat this type of conjunctivitis, use warm water for five minutes to wash the irritating substance from the eye. You should also avoid further exposure to the irritating substances. Your eyes should begin to improve within four hours after washing away the substance. If they do not, call your doctor.

Treatment

How is conjunctivitis treated? (cont.)

Allergies

Allergy-associated conjunctivitis should be evaluated by your ophthalmologist and an allergist. It may disappear completely when the allergy is treated with antihistamines or when the allergen is removed. Relieve symptoms temporarily by applying a cold compress on closed eyes.

Ophthalmia neonatorum and STDs

The same bacteria that cause the sexually transmitted diseases chlamydia and gonorrhea can also infect the conjunctiva. This is called ophthalmia neonatorum and is most commonly spread during birth as the infant passes through the birth canal of an infected mother. Newborns are usually given eye drops immediately after birth to treat any possible infection. 
Conjunctivitis can also be spread through hand contact when rubbing the eyes or touching contact lenses after touching infected genitals. Oral antibiotics in the form of a pill, eye drops, or ointment are usually prescribed for treatment. Washing hands thoroughly can help prevent the spread of this type of conjunctivitis.

Prevention

How can I prevent spreading the infection?

  • Don't touch or rub the infected eye(s).
  • Wash your hands often with soap and warm water.
  • Wash any discharge from your eyes twice a day using a fresh cotton ball or paper towel. Afterwards, discard the cotton ball and wash your hands with soap and warm water.
  • Wash your bed linens, pillowcases, and towels in hot water and detergent.
  • Avoid wearing eye makeup.
  • Don't share eye makeup or eye drops with anyone else.
  • Never wear another person's contact lens.
  • Wear glasses instead of contact lenses.
  • Throw away disposable lenses or be sure to clean extended wear lenses and all eyewear cases.
  • Avoid sharing common articles such as unwashed towels, cups, and glasses.
  • Wash your hands after applying the eye drops or ointment to your eye or your child's eye.
  • Do not use eye drops in a non-infected eye that were used for an infected eye.
  • If your child has bacterial or viral conjunctivitis, keep him or her home from school or day care until he or she is no longer contagious.

The eyes can become re-infected. Call your doctor if symptoms last for more than three days after treatment.

Key Points Summary
  • Common Eye Condition: Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is a common eye disease characterized by the inflammation of the conjunctiva.
  • Causes and Types: It can be caused by infections (viral or bacterial), allergies, or environmental irritants. Each type requires different treatment approaches.
  • Symptoms: Common symptoms include redness, itching, and discharge from one or both eyes. The condition may also cause discomfort and sensitivity to light.
  • Contagious Nature: Infectious conjunctivitis is highly contagious and requires measures to prevent spread, such as good hygiene and avoiding close contact.
  • Treatment Options: Treatment varies depending on the cause but may include antibiotics for bacterial infections, antihistamines for allergies, and home remedies like warm compresses for mild cases.
  • Preventive Measures: Regular hand washing and avoiding the sharing of towels or eye makeup can help prevent the spread of conjunctivitis.
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